Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Essay Example for Free

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Essay Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease which may affect many different organs and tissues in the body. Women of child bearing age are typically affected, but individuals of any age, sex, or race may develop the disease. SLE while uncommon, is not rare, with an estimated disease prevalence of 1 in every 2,000 population. It is a condition which appears to be increasing in prominence especially over the last 15 to 20 years. This is likely explained by the earlier recognition of milder cases because of increased patient and physician awareness and by the enhanced availability of sensitive laboratory tests helpful in the diagnosis. Although the exact cause is not known, most of the features of the disease seem to be due to a fundamental abnormality of the bodys immune system. The immune system is the bodys defence mechanism against foreign substances entering the body. It depends on the formation of compounds called antibodies and on hite cells called lymphocytes which rise to the defense of the body in case of invasion by foreign agents such as germs or viruses. This is a normal and desirable process in the healthy individual. In patients with SLE, there seems to be a defect in the bodys immune system whereby antibodies are mistakenly formed against the bodys own tissues. This leads to inflammation and damage in the tissues so affected. Patients with SLE can be identified by the presence of these abnormal antibodies in their blood stream. It is not clear what triggers this immune abnormality but several factors seem to be contributory in some patients. These include infection, hormonal, genetic, and unidentified environmental factors. Some drugs including those used for the treatment of tuberculosis (isoniazid), high blood pressure (hydralazine), and convulsions (dilantin) have also occasionally been associated with the development of SLE. Clinical Features The majority of patients with SLE have very mild symptoms which can be easily controlled with simple measures. A small minority have more serious manifestations which may require more aggressive forms of treatment. The seriousness of the disease is frequently related to the type and number of organs affected. The following is a summary of some of the signs and symptoms that may occur in lupus patients grouped according to the organs or tissues affected: General symptoms Fever and unusual fatigue occur in up to 80 or 90% of SLE patients at some time during the course of their illness. Skin rash a very common feature occurring in many patients. The classic rash is called a butterfly rash because it occurs in a butterfly-like patch over the bridge of the nose and cheeks. This type of rash is in fact quite uncommon with most lupus rashes being far less specific and occurring anywhere on the body but especially over sun exposed areas. Many lupus rashes appear to be provoked or aggravated by direct sun exposure. Sores may also occur in the nose and mouth, and scalp hair loss may occur in some individuals. In a closely related condition called discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), the rash may arise as distinct scaly and reddish patches which may heal with scarring. Patients with DLE are frequently otherwise well. They demonstrate few, if any, of the symptoms of SLE and usually have a nearly normal laboratory profile. Joints stiffness, pain, and swelling may commonly occur. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis however, permanent damage to the joints is almost unheard of. Membranes of the heart and lungs, the linings of the heart and lungs may occasionally become inflamed in SLE patients leading to sharp chest pains and shortness of breath. If it involves the lung, the condition is called pleuritis. If it affects the heart, the condition is called pericarditis. Blood cells a number of abnormalities may occur in the blood including anaemia or a fall in the red blood cell count and/or falls in the white cell count or platelet count (particles in the blood that help with clotting) and thus lead to potential problems with bleeding. Kidneys often a sign of more serious disease, inflammation of the kidney may lead to loss of protein in the urine, increased blood pressure and occasionally kidney failure. Brain and nerves fortunately, a relatively rare problem, patients so affected may have trouble with headaches convulsions, emotional disturbances, weakness or numbness of the extremities. Diagnosis The diagnosis of SLE is suspected in any individual who presents with one or more of the clinical features outlined above. A diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory tests which show the presence of one or more abnormal circulating antibodies in the blood stream. These antibodies may be directed against any tissue in the body. The most important of these however, is an antibody directed against the centre or nucleus of the cells in the body, the so-called anti-nuclear antibody or ANA. ANAs are normally not present or present only in barely detectable quantities in healthy individuals. Thus, this test is very helpful to the doctor if he is suspicious about the possibility of SLE. It is very important however, to stress that the presence of ANAs doesnt specifically point to a diagnosis of SLE since abnormal antibodies of this type may occur in other conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, certain infections and inflammation of the liver. Thus the diagnosis of SLE requires both the presence of abnormal antibodies (especially ANAs) as well as signs and symptoms suggesting inflammation of several organs or tissues in the body. Although, all lupus patients have elevated levels of ANA, not all people with elevated ANA have lupus. Increased levels of ANA generally indicate that the physician should follow up with an anti-DNA antibody test. To assist in the diagnosis of SLE, the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) in 1982 adopted a set of criteria for the classification of this disease. (See Table 1) It should be noted that while a variable number of these features may occur during the course of the disease, they need not occur at the same time. Moreover, it is quite unpredictable as to which patient may develop which particular symptom or grouping of symptoms at any particular time.

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- teaching, educational phi

Abstract The main goal of education is to prepare individuals to be contributing citizens of our society and to help them reach their true potential. Education provides the foundation that enables students to be successful lifelong learners that thrive in society. While schools are the catalyst for the dissemination of education, it is a successful partnership between schools, government family and community that ensures the ultimate success of education. A clear focus on educating all students despite their diverse needs and differentiated instruction are essential. Teachers serve as facilitators who guide students in the learning process. Students are active participants in their education, who expand their horizons through hands-on learning experiences. â€Æ' The most essential purpose of education is to prepare individuals to become productive, contributing members of society. Education needs to prepare individuals for the demands of the work force and lay the foundation for them to become engaged, lifelong learners who continuously update their skills to remain competitive in a changing society. The goal of education is to open the world to individuals by providing them with the skills and the motivation to reach their true potential. Education should spark interests, goals and ambitions. Schools are the catalysts for the dissemination of education. It is the role of schools to prepare children to successfully function within society. Schools need to provide opportunities for students to explore their interests and also teach essential skills in all academic content areas. Providing a safe, nurturing learning environment for all learners that encourages creativity and innovation is also fundamental. It is crucial that schoo... ...ressed. The main goal of education is for students to acquire the necessary foundational skills and develop into critical thinkers and analytical problem solvers that make active contributions to our society. Education provides the foundation that enables students to be successful lifelong learners that thrive in society. â€Æ' References Cohen, L. M. (1999). Philosophical Perspectives in Education. Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/ed416/PP3.html Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning. (2004). Thirteen. Retrieved from http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/explor_sub5.html Mason, R., Rennie, F. (2008). The e-Learning Handbook: Designing Distributed Learning. New York: Routledge. Shaffer, D. R. (2008). Social and Personality Development (5 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

Communication Case Essay

Ethics Case 4-7 – Income Statement Presentation of Unusual Loss Requirement The Cranor Corporation suffered $10 million in expenses linked to a product recall. The company had endured product recalls in the past and they still occur in the business. To show revenue from continuing operations, Jim Dietz, the controller, wishes to describe the $10 million as an extraordinary loss, instead of an expense included in operating income. He states to the CEO that the company has never had a product recall of this size and that the corporation fixed the design flaw and improved quality control. The drawback is, in order for Jim to categorize the loss as an extraordinary item, he must view that the losses in the company’s financial statements are infrequent and unusual. He must also presume this event is not likely to occur again in the future profitability. (Spiceland, Sepe, & Nelson, 2013, p. 188) The Journal of Accountancy states that extraordinary items are gains and losses that are material, and result from events that are both unusual and infrequent. (Ext raordinary Items Share Exclusive Company , 2013) These criteria must be considered in light of the environment in which the entity operates. There obviously is a considerable degree of subjectivity involved in the determination. The concepts of unusual and infrequent require judgment. In making these judgments, an accountant should keep in mind the overall objective of the income statement. The key question is how the event relates to a firm’s future profitability. If it is judged that the event, because of its unusual nature and infrequency of occurrence, is not likely to occur again, separate reporting as an extraordinary item is warranted. The ethical dilemma faced by Jim Dietz and the company’s chief executive officer is that it appears from the facts of the case that it would be difficult for the company to come to the conclusion that a material product recall is not likely to occur again in the foreseeable future. This type of event has occurred before and is common in the industry. While a subjective judgment, extraordinary treatment of the $10 million does not appear warranted. Is the obligation of Jim and the CEO to maximize income from continuing operations, the company’s position on the stock market and management bonuses stronger than their obligation to fairly present  accounting information to the users of financial statements? If they decide to go with Jim’s suggestion, it would be misleading to the shareholders and creditors about the lost suffered. The misrepresenting of the stakeholders and money market would be sinful and display wickedness, while if the corporation is straightfor ward with the market and shareholders it will demonstrate moral values and show that the corporation is working in the best interest of the investors by not misleading them when it comes to losses. In Exodus 23:1-2 it speaks about bearing a false report. The New International Version states: â€Å"Do not spread false reports. Do not help a guilty person by being a malicious witness. Do not follow the crowd in doing wrong.† With Jim and the CEO being in a management position, they are required to perform many activities in running the entity in the best interest of stakeholders. Their duties include leading and directing an entity, including making important decisions concerning the acquisition, deployment and control of human financial, physical and intangible resources. They are supposed to take the charge for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance to the accounting policies. (Handbook of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, 2013) I think the Cranor Company should include the loss in their net income and continue with the product recall. Including the loss in their net income will show honesty to its stakeholders. They may not receive a bonus, but it is better for them to be honest than risk the consequences of lying about the loss. Leviticus 19:11 says, â€Å"Do not steal. Do not lie. Do not deceive one another. (The Quest Study Bible, New International Version, 1994) By seeing the scripture we can detect how this relates to accounting ethics. Leviticus 19:11 explains that that we are not to steal, and ultimately mislead others. When we associate this verse to this ethical dilemma it would describe Jim Dietz and the company chief executive officer of deceiving the stock market into thinking that the loss was truly an extraordinary item on income statement when in reality, they are misleading them to get a bonus. References The Quest Study Bible, New International Version. (1994). Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House. Extraordinary Items Share Exclusive Company . (2013, September 3). Retrieved from Journal of Accountancy: http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2007/May/ExtraordinaryItemsShareExclusiveCompany.htm Handbook of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. (2013). New York: International Federation of Accountants. Spiceland, D., Sepe, J., & Nelson, M. (2013). Intermediate Accounting (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Equity and Trusts advice style answer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1504 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Advice Essay Trust Essay Did you like this example? This paper seeks to establish whether Bill had any rights either in real or personal claim over the said estate located in Luneborough. It would identify the type of remedy, if any generated consequent to the breach of Billà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights. It would also identify the type of enacted that recognizes the right afforded to Bill, that is if any and provide the remedies available for the protection of the rights. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Equity and Trusts advice style answer" essay for you Create order The next requirement would be apply the law to the facts and hand in order to establish whether Bill has any interest over the said building. Firstly, the registered owner of the building that had absolute rights over the said property was Ann. It is observed that Ann had a fee simple estate registered over the said land upon which building was constructed on. The value was said property was valued at 2 million pounds. What is unusual about this property is that the title to the land was inherited by Ann upon the death of her father though the title was not reregistered to include the name of Ann as the new title holder. Bill was promised title a flat in the building if he would remain with Ann in Luneborough and held her with the business she owned. The building was later on was charged over a loan that was acquired by Ann from a bank. Upon Annà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death the building was acquired by the bank and Bill issued with eviction orders. First and foremost it is importan t that note that legally Ann had no sufficient title the said building. Upon her fatherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death and the transfer of the property to Ann, she was required under law to register the new title over the said land. However she was the sole inherited person to the property so it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t matter. Secondly, which comes to the main purpose of this paper, does Bill have the right to the property, and we could look at proprietary estoppel, which a legal claim for transfer rights within legal title concern with the three elements of the clear assurance they will acquire a right over property, they reasonably rely on the assurance and they act substantially to their detriment.[1] Which in Dillwyn v Llwellyn[2], the father given a note to his son that stated he would get the house but they did not have the deed for conveyance even though the son did spend money on improving. Therefore by examine the fact in the case which Bill were constantly involve to the hou sework for Luneborough property, even before he moved in, he undertook all the work for significant improvement of the property, reroofed it, refurbished the office space on the ground floor and worked through the holidays to carry out the building work and keep the maintenance of the house, after he moved in Ana did not charge her for any rent as Bill moved second floor loft and he continued carry out further improvement and regular repairs, however above mentioned activities, Ana paid all the material costs; as in Burns v Burns[3] the plaintiff and the defendant were living together which they did not marry each other, the house was bought by the defendant Patrick with the arrangement of Defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name was on the deed and also paid the price and the mortgage, and the plaintiff was act as a homemaker carried out house duties such as cleaning and though she did pay the bill from her own earning towards household expenses, she also paid for the fittings, washing ma chine, the plaintiff left the defendant and claimed beneficial interest in the house. However the court held that as the lack of a financial contribution which should be related to the acquisition of the property such as the mortgage repayments, therefore she was not entitled as a beneficial interest to the property. Another important case to mention is Jones v Kernott [4]which concerns with unmarried couples after cohabitation suing against the beneficially entitlement, Mrs. Jones paid 6,000 pounds initialed money to the property worth 30,000 pounds with the rest raised by mortgage, they shared household bills and mortgage, then they were separated, Mr. Kernott intended to buy another property and intended to use the half of the value of the old property whom shared with Ms Jones, which lead to the case held Ms. Jones contributed over 80% of the equity and with the little help of Mr Kernott financially and physically with the children they had with a result of splitting that proper ty with 90% to Ms. Jones and 10% to Mr. Kernott, in order to produce a fair and just results.[5] Therefore, by Compare these cases to Billà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s scenario, even though he carried out many improvement, yet he did not pay for the materials which Ana did, and the works he did would be seen as a normal builderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job to fix things around the house and the fact that he did not pay rent, without any financial contribution towards the property, according to Burns v Burns, he would not have any beneficial interest to the Luneborough property. However there are couple of facts in the case could be arguable, first that when Bill moved in, even though Ana did not charge him rent and yet stated she did not change Billà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s low wages, cause she thought the low wage could compensate by not charging any rent by letting him live in her property, so does that mean he did contribute to the property financially, this extremely week evidence would not be enough to make him beneficially interest to the property, all in all there was no actually money transaction or any actual money towards the property come from his own wallet and housework could not contribute as financially as seen in Burns v Burns[6] In this case Ann promised to transfer the title of the property to Bill. One may presume the existence of an oral will. However the execution and evidence requirements of an oral will must meet the conditions of that of the written will. In the sense that the evidence of the oral will must be witnessed by two competent and independent witnesses with the exception of privileged will. In the fact at hand, it is clear that the perceived oral will was not witnessed by any independent and competent witness, furthermore the oral will has a lifeline of only 3 months. Also noteworthy is that an oral will to be valid must not contradict a written will as is the case here. The promise cannot also recognize as a gift, it must be disposed within the lifetime of the deceased. Even though in the case constantly hinted that Ana would always care about Bill, considered him a godchildren, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“would always look after himà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  showed general care and even was in the process of changing her will to leave the properties to Bill, however, without the legal procedure, it would not be a valid will and the idea would just remain as not legally enforceable. Consequent to the factors above-mentioned, there was not oral will or written will in favor of Bill furthermore there was no gift. Thus Bill does not have any interest to the said property. Cause of Action Be that as it may, Bill may still acquire the interest to the property by proving that he is and was a dependent to Ann. Bill gave up all that he had in order to work for Ann. This aspect was prevalent and recognized by all that were close to the two. Bill was thus dependent on the salary and the accommodation as provided by Ann. This aspect thus puts Bill w ithin the legal understanding of a dependent and thus gives him the lucus standi to create a law suit in relation to the property at hand. The first suit should seek an injunction against the activities of the bank. He is to argue that Ann had no sufficient title to pass interest of the said property. Consequent to this, the bank did not acquire good title to the land. Furthermore the bank ought to have exercised due diligence and established who the registered owner of the bank. The sue should seek a permanent injunction against the activities of the bank. In Conclusion, with the facts, cases mention above, unfortunately, Bill would unlikely to have any beneficially rights to the Luneborough property based on the main reason of he did not financially contribute to the property[7] and his name was not stated in Anaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s last written will, therefore he would not have any rights towards the Luneborough property. 1533 words Bibliography Books T. Murphy, S. Roberts T. Flessas, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Understanding Property Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Sweet Maxwell, 2012, 4th edition R. Smith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Property Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Pearson Longman, 2011, 7th edition [1] Murphy T., Roberts S. Flessas T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Understanding Property Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Sweet Maxwell, 2012 , page251-258 [2] Dillwyn v Llewelyn (1862) EWHC Ch J67 [3] Burns v Burns (1984) Ch 317, 1All ER 244 [4] Jones v Kernott (2011) UKSC 53 [5] ibid [6] Burns v Burns (1984) Ch 317, 1All ER 244 [7] Burns v Burns (1984) Ch 317, 1 All ER 244

Oedipus Fate And Fate Essay - 777 Words

Fate as defined by the Merriam Webster dictionary is ‘an inevitable and often adverse outcome, condition, or end’. Sophocles discusses fate vs free will in his plays. In the play Oedipus Rex there was a prophecy that Oedipus was destined to kill his father and marry his mother, he attempts to escape his destiny by running away to Thebes where he meets his fate. In the play Antigone, that main character Antigone decides to go against Creon’s (her uncle who has inherited the throne) decree and bury the brother, Polynices, knowing the consequences would lead to her death. In Sophocles’ plays Oedipus Rex and Antigone, the theme is mankind not being able to escape their fate. While free choices, such as Oedipus’ decision to pursue knowledge†¦show more content†¦Oedipus’ fate could not have been changed; he was destined to have a messed up family tree. In Antigone, Antigone and her sister Ismene return to Thebes in an attempt to reconcile their brothers—Eteocles, who was defending the city and his crown, and Polyneices, who was attacking Thebes. However, both brothers were killed, and their uncle Creon became the king. He forbade burial is the corpse of Polyneices, declaring him a traitor. Antigone, moved by love for her brother and convinced that the command went against the law of the gods, she buried Polyneices secretly. Antigone lines 72-74 â€Å"And if I have to die for this pure crime,/ I am content, for I shall rest beside him;/ His love will answer mine†. It was Antigone’s fate to die after burying her brother. It also was her fate to be Oedipus’ daughter/sister. It was soon discovered what Antigone had done. Creon her to be executed and was imprisoned in a cave. Her fiancà ©, Haemon, son of Creon, begged his father to let her go. He finally agreed but he was too late, Antigone had hanged herself. Haemon was devastated that his love was dead, so he committed suicide. At the news, Creons wife and Haemon’s mother, queen Eurydice, commits suicide fulfilling Creon’s fate of being responsible for his family’s death. Antigone lines 1335-1336 â€Å"From suffering that has been/ Decreed no man will ever find escape†. In Sophocles’ plays Oedipus Rex and Antigone, the theme is mortals ot being able to escape their destiny.Show MoreRelatedOedipus Fate Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesOedipus the King is a story about a prominent king torn by fate and the effect his own actions have upon his destiny. Much can be learned from the catastrophic story of Oedipus, who was prophesied to kill his father, to marry and have children with his own mother. As soon as Oedipus learns of this prophecy, he tries desperately to escape it, by running from his hometown, and even avoiding his supposed parents. Despite the fact that fate may have played some role in Oedipus demise, it ultimatelyRead MoreOedipus Fate Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsible for their actions or is it fate? Is fate inescapable? A persons fate is the events that are destined to happen to them. Fate is decided the moment someone is born. People cannot change their fate and it is unavoidable. Throughout the Greek tragedy, Oedipus the King, the hero, Oedipus often tries to run away from what he is destined to do only because of his ignorance to his situation. Throughout the entire play, the conflict of Man versus Fate is often seen as everyone tries to avoidRead MoreOedipus Fate Essay956 Words   |  4 Pagestragedy, Oedipus the King, fate is a predetermined course of events and is also an important factor that caused Oedipus’s downfall. Oedipus is ultimately a victim of his own fate because, despite his and Jocasta’s efforts, he could not escape the prophecies. Though others say that Oedipus created his own fate because he had the free will to handle the prophecies in becoming his own outcome, in the end, there was no chance that Oedipus could escape the prophecies. It was the fate for Oedipus gettingRead MoreOedipus Fate Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesIn Oedipus the king the Prophets tells Oedipus how his life will pan out and that there is nothing that he can do about it. Oedipus, however thinks he can prove them wrong being the self righteous person that he is. He believes that fate is not real and that its all about free will and individual decisions that lead to and determine the future. Oedipus is wrong for thinking that he can change his fate because the world is controlled by fate not free will. â€Å"Do you know who your parents are? UnknowingRead MoreComparing the Fate of Oedipus and Phaedra Essay2321 Words   |  10 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus destruction was foretold to his father and mother, Laius and Jocasta, when he was born. It was told to him again when he was a young Corinthian prince, to which he ran from home (I heard all that and ran 876). Tiresias tells it to him again during the passage of the Oedipus Rex. The destiny of Oedipus has been laid down, unalterable from the moment he was created. He was fated to marry his mother and kill his father. Phaedra is not controlled by fate. She is possessed by a frivolousRead MoreIs Oedipus a Victim of Fate? Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesFate the un-avoidable Throughout the vast history of literature, various concepts have come and gone. The idea of fate or fatalism has been a concept that has survived the test of time. Numerous characters have succumbed to the power of fate and the character of Oedipus from Sophocles’ Oedipus the King is a prime example of the vast power of fate within literature. Sophocles effectively depicts the wrath of fate as he portrays how Oedipus fell victim to fate and his efforts to disregard fate wereRead MoreOedipus Victim Of Fate Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesIs Oedipus a victim of fate or does he possess free will? Explain your reasoning. Do you think free will is a reality or an allusion? I find Oedipus to be a victim of fate rather than having free will. â€Å"()†. Free will could be seen to be more of an illusion than a reality. People and society like to make you think you have control over your own life while in you really do not. While it seems he could have tried harder maybe vowing to never sleep with a women or to never kill a man but is whatRead MoreFate in Oedipus the King Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pagesat least in â€Å"Oedipus the King† in which the protagonist, Oedipus calls forth his doom unwillingly. Fate is defined as something that unavoidably befalls a person. The author of â€Å"Oedipus the King,† Sophocles, writes a tragic fate that Oedipus was born to experience. Fate is what is meant to happen and cannot be avoided or unchanged. Furthermore, events that lead to other events could be the result for one to meet their fate. In â€Å"Oedipus the King,† Sophocles expresses the nature of fate to be determinedRead MoreOedip us: Destiny and Fate Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesis by fate. Those who believed it is by choice follow the directions and guidance of their elders. For example, they will try to hold on to the values that their parents instilled in them and use them to guide their entire lives. Others who believed that destiny is by fate, believe that the outcome of their lives is determined by luck, and that no matter what they do or how careful they are, whatever has to happen to them must happen. These proponents that emphasize that destiny is by fate may haveRead MoreParallels of Fate in Crash and Oedipus the King Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pages Fate to most people is something that will inevitably happen in their lives, something that they are destined to have or to be. According to Dictionary.com, fate is defined as something that unavoidably befalls a person, but to others, fate is merely coincidence. The debate whether fate is apart of our everyday lives have been going on since the ancient greeks to today. The movie Crash parallels to the play, Oedipus the King, in that both of the characters experience some form of fate in their lives

Effects of Instructional Materials on Geography Perfomance

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study It is generally accepted in the world that pupil’s performance is directly influenced by the instructional materials applied. These instructional materials are the key ingredients in learning. Barnett (1992) comments that teachers should cover the materials in the curriculum and prepares pupils for standardized tests. This may have happened in western countries because of adequate resources. Nevertheless these instructional materials have not been used in the right way in sub-Saharan region particularly in Kenya. Teachers have neglected the use of these materials and in a way they have watered down pupil’s motivation as far as learning is concerned. All these bring to poor performance of†¦show more content†¦The researcher might have a financial constrains as the research will require a lot of money for it to be completed. Conceptual Framework This part will show the scheme of concepts of variables that the researcher will use to achieve the objectives of the research. Independent variables Dependent variables Textbooks Student’s performance Visual aids Learning environment Operational definition of Terms Textbooks: Books used in basis of instruction in school. Visual aids: These are aids that are used by teachers for pupils to look at while they are learning. Environment: It is the surrounding that positively or negatively affects the learning of the pupils. Students: They are boys and girls who learn in secondary schools. Performance: The act of doing well in school work according to the requirement of the school. CHAPTER TWO Literature Review This chapter is a review of the information that has already been recorded by the scholars and writers that gave foundation to my research. It contains the use of instructional materials like the books, visual aids and environment in relation to the pupil’s performance. These materials are used to aid in the transfer information from one person to another .They are also tools or equipments that can help effect the instructor in

Parkinsons Disease and its Treatment - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theParkinsons Disease and its Treatment for Medication. Answer: Introduction Mr. Ratin Bhai is an octogenerian widower, is diagnosed with both the Parkinsons disease and hypothyroidism four years back. He is under the medication for both the diseases and uses thyroxin, cabidopa/levodopa combination drugs and entacapone. He lives alone as his wife died a year ago and has no children. Recently, he observed to be suffering from a slight tremor and is facing problems in carrying out the daily household choirs. Parkinsons disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, affecting mainly the older people that have no treatments as such but the patients suffering from it should be taken great care of (Rodriguez et al., 2015). The symptoms and the treatment procedures vary greatly with different patients depending on the extent of the disease they acquire. The identification of the disease, the history of the patient, the goals of the treatment and the various interventions that may be taken are the topic of discussion. The outcome of the actions taken in order to cure the patient is also discussed here in this report along with the lesson one might get from it. Discussion Scenario 1 outlines the social and physical condition of an eighty seven years old widower. He has been diagnosed with Parkinsons disease and hypothyroidism. He uses different medications in order to control his hypothyroidism. Recently, Mr. Ratin Bhai is observing that his hands are tremoring slightly and this problem is increasing gradually (Thenganatt Jankovic, 2016). He is under the medication like thyroxin, carbidopa/levodopa and entacapone. Neurodegeneration is the outcome of the aging process and this leads to the development of the Parkinsons disease in some cases. Hypothyroidism, another disease that Mr. Ratin Bhai is suffering from is also the result of the aging process. Hypothyroidism is a genetic problem and is one of the risk factors followed by any autoimmune disease like type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis (Cappola, 2016). The anti-thyroid medications if taken can be another risk factor. Parkinsons disease has many risk factors which include aging, genetic factors, low levels of vitamin B foliate and exposure to toxic substances. Parkinsons disease makes the daily activities challenging. He is feeling weak and faces trouble in motility. Mr. Ratin Bhai have been suffering from hypothyroidism for four years and takes medications in order to control it. He is under the medication of thyroxine for hypothyroidism, carbidopa/levodopa combination drugs and entacapone combination drugs for the treatment of Parkinsons disease (Rascol, 2013). He is experiencing slight tremor in his hands and this is only becoming worse gradually. He is also facing problem in mobility, in his daily activities and his restricted mobility prevents him from going anywhere. The slight tremor that Mr. Ratin Bhai is experiencing may be drug-induced tremor. Parkinsons disease is accompanied by tremor, which also occur in the hypothyroidism (Hallett, 2014). The tremor spreads to both sides of the body rather than on just one side of the body and it is one of the most important symptom of Parkinsons disease. Slow limited movement being another important sign and is experienced by Mr. Ratin Bhai and makes it difficult for him to move. Parkinsons disease is a non-fatal, degenerative disorder and progresses until it enfeebles the patient (Pringsheim et al., 2014). It is benign in some cases and severe in some with shorter life span. The other serious complications that may arise due to the Parkinsons Disease are pneumonia, choking, falls that may lead to serious injury and sometimes death also. It also causes severity in movements to the persons suffering from Parkinsons Disease. The symptoms and response to the medications varies with different patients. Hypothyroidism on the other hand also has other severe health outcomes. Body metabolism, altered mental functions and fatigue can occur as a result of hypothyroidism (Carl et al., 2014). Joint pain, myxodema, a condition of unconsciousness and obesity may also contribute to the symptoms associated with hypothyroidism. Mr. Ratin Bhai has been diagnosed with Parkinsons Disease and hypothyroidism four years back. He is also detected with slight tremor recently that is proceeding to worse. The slight tremor that Mr. Bhai has started to suffer from is the mere outcome of the Parkinsons Disease. Mr. Bhai is not able to perform his regular activities as his strength is decreased due to the onset of the tremor. Bradykinesia and poor balance may be observed in him (Bank et al., 2016). Mr. Bhai has gradually developed tremor, a most noticed symptom of Parkinsons Disease. Inspite of being under the medication of carbidopa and levodopa combination, Mr Bhais tremor is proceeding to worsen the situation. The anxiety that he is suffering as a result of the increased tremor may only worsen his condition (Lin et al., 2015). He is gradually losing control on his muscle and coordination. The weakness or intolerance and in the activity can be diagnosed in a patient with hypothyroidism. The most significant problem that he is now suffering is the Parkinsons Disease and the tremor in his limbs. This problem has been discussed with priority. The dopamine producing neurons in the brain is degenerated slowly which results in the disability to produce dopamine and as a result the ability to move (Robbins Cools, 2014). Parkinsonian tremor is a major problem faced by the patients. So the goals should be established keeping this fact in mind. The primary goal in the treatment of the Parkinsons disease is to keep the person busy in regular activities and allow themselves to be independent as long as they can. The goals for the treatment can be set according to the needs of the patients and varies with them. The treatment of the motor symptoms such as tremor and trouble in movement of the Parkinsons disease should be treated and is established as another goal for its treatment (Connolly Lang, 2014). Non-motor systems like depression and anxiety would also get the priority in setting the goal of the treatment. Moreover, the nurses should be trained and their knowledge about this disease must be taught. The nurse should gain the confidence in treating and caring the patient with this disease. Parkinsons disease is the problem associated with the nerves present in brain any disorder in these nerves may eventually lead to the loss of the ability to move and parkinsonian tremor. There are few interventions that can be adopted by the nurses in order to provide support to these patients. The nurses must administer the medicines properly maintaining the schedule and the drug levels. They should encourage the patients suffering from this disease to work independently and perform all the daily choirs as much as they can (Sturkenboom et al., 2014). They should be given rest between each work they perform on their own. This would make them to feel less weak and prevent them from facing any accident. A frequent warm bath and physiotherapy should be carried out on them which would help in relaxing the muscle and prevent any chance of muscle cramp. The parkinsonian tremor may sometime result in the fall and as a result the patient may get seriously injured. The nurse should protect the patient from facing any such injuries (Canning, Paul Nieuwboer, 2014). They should be provided with semi-solid foods which is easier to swallow and make him sit upright while eating. The drugs that is used to treat the disease should be monitored and any kind of adverse situation, if occur should be reported immediately. The weight of the patients should be regularly monitored and evaluate the patients nutrition. Mr. Bhai would gradually gain the ability to perform his daily household choirs independently and would gain confidence and doing so. The rest that is provided would make him less weak and he would be capable to do work with more confidence. He should be given frequent warm bath and physiotherapy that may help in the improvement of the parkinsonian treatment (Tomlinson et al., 2014). This may cure the tremor that Mr. Bhai is experiencing to some extent and he would not find any difficulty to move. The improved motility would prevent him from falling and reduce the risk of facing any accident that lead to any severe injury or even death. Mr. Bhai would also be provided with semi-solid food. The semi-solid food helps him to swallow the food without difficulty. The various interventions that are adopted to provide neuroprotective benefits to the patients are capable of changing the disease course. The neurological care should be provided to Mr. Bhai would save his life. The encouragement of performing various daily works increases his physical activity and in turn helps to prevent the deterioration in the quality of the life. Parkinsons Disease is the neurodegenerative disorder and the patients suffering from this needs a good care from the nurses and the care givers. I feel that Mr. Bhai should be allowed to be independent so that he would gain the confidence to work in his own and overcome his fear. I believe that by doing this, Mr. Bhai would not suffer from anxiety as it can cause more harm to them by increasing the Parkinsonian tremor. I believe that he should undergo a speech and swallow therapy from the very beginning so that he would not lose the ability to swallow when the muscle coordination would get disturbed. According to me, a regular physiotherapeutical approach may help to cure the Parkinsonian tremor to a certain extent and increase his life span. I should have asked Mr. Bhai to use antichollnergic agents as these agents are mainly used by the patients who is suffering from restricted motility due to the tremor. I believe that the medical management is an important for the cure of this disease and from the next time onwards I would adopt this method as one of the steps for treatment. Conclusion Parkinsons disease being the fatal and incurable neurodegenerative disease occurs frequently among the older people. The people suffering from this disease require extra care as the disease progresses to worsen the condition. The symptoms and the responses to different medications and treatments vary greatly with the patient and the extent of the disease. Parkinsonian tremor is one of the important symptoms associated with it. A combination drug is used for the treatment of the Parkinsons Disease. The patient should be allowed to work independently and physiotherapic treatment is carried out to the patient as a part of the treatment. The patient is given rest in between the works that he performs daily. It can be concluded from the above discussion that by adopting various steps the patient with Parkinsons Disease can be treated to a certain extent. The above discussion makes us to conclude that the patient must also be made to overcome his fear and anxiety and help him to gain confidence to work on his own and take his medications accordingly. References Bank, P., Marinus, J., de Groot, J. H., Meskers, C., van Hilten, J. J. (2016). Objective, unobtrusive assessment of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease.Movement Disorders,31, S505. Canning, C. G., Paul, S. S., Nieuwboer, A. (2014). Prevention of falls in Parkinson's disease: a review of fall risk factors and the role of physical interventions. Cappola, A. R. (2016). Hypothyroidism in the Elderly. In2016 Meet-The-Professor: Endocrine Case Management(pp. 355-358). The Endocrine Society. Carl, A., Pedersen, I. B., Knudsen, N., Perrild, H., Ovesen, L., Laurberg, P. (2014). Hypothyroid symptoms and the likelihood of overt thyroid failure: a population-based casecontrol study.European journal of endocrinology,171(5), 593-602. Connolly, B. S., Lang, A. E. (2014). Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review.Jama,311(16), 1670-1683. Hallett, M. (2014). Tremor: pathophysiology.Parkinsonism related disorders,20, S118-S122. Lin, C. H., Lin, J. W., Liu, Y. C., Chang, C. H., Wu, R. M. (2015). Risk of Parkinson's disease following anxiety disorders: a nationwide population?based cohort study.European journal of neurology,22(9), 1280-1287. Pringsheim, T., Jette, N., Frolkis, A., Steeves, T. D. (2014). The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta?analysis.Movement disorders,29(13), 1583-1590. Rascol, O. (2013). Extended-release carbidopa-levodopa in Parkinson's disease.The Lancet Neurology,12(4), 325-326. Robbins, T. W., Cools, R. (2014). Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease: a cognitive neuroscience perspective.Movement Disorders,29(5), 597-607. Rodriguez, M., Rodriguez?Sabate, C., Morales, I., Sanchez, A., Sabate, M. (2015). Parkinson's disease as a result of aging.Aging cell,14(3), 293-308. Sturkenboom, I. H., Graff, M. J., Hendriks, J. C., Veenhuizen, Y., Munneke, M., Bloem, B. R., ... OTiP Study Group. (2014). Efficacy of occupational therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled trial.The Lancet Neurology,13(6), 557-566. Thenganatt, M. A., Jankovic, J. (2016). The relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease.Parkinsonism related disorders,22, S162-S165. Tomlinson, C. L., Herd, C. P., Clarke, C. E., Meek, C., Patel, S., Stowe, R., ... Ives, N. (2014). Physiotherapy for Parkinson's disease: a comparison of techniques.The Cochrane Library.