Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Essay Example for Free

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Essay Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease which may affect many different organs and tissues in the body. Women of child bearing age are typically affected, but individuals of any age, sex, or race may develop the disease. SLE while uncommon, is not rare, with an estimated disease prevalence of 1 in every 2,000 population. It is a condition which appears to be increasing in prominence especially over the last 15 to 20 years. This is likely explained by the earlier recognition of milder cases because of increased patient and physician awareness and by the enhanced availability of sensitive laboratory tests helpful in the diagnosis. Although the exact cause is not known, most of the features of the disease seem to be due to a fundamental abnormality of the bodys immune system. The immune system is the bodys defence mechanism against foreign substances entering the body. It depends on the formation of compounds called antibodies and on hite cells called lymphocytes which rise to the defense of the body in case of invasion by foreign agents such as germs or viruses. This is a normal and desirable process in the healthy individual. In patients with SLE, there seems to be a defect in the bodys immune system whereby antibodies are mistakenly formed against the bodys own tissues. This leads to inflammation and damage in the tissues so affected. Patients with SLE can be identified by the presence of these abnormal antibodies in their blood stream. It is not clear what triggers this immune abnormality but several factors seem to be contributory in some patients. These include infection, hormonal, genetic, and unidentified environmental factors. Some drugs including those used for the treatment of tuberculosis (isoniazid), high blood pressure (hydralazine), and convulsions (dilantin) have also occasionally been associated with the development of SLE. Clinical Features The majority of patients with SLE have very mild symptoms which can be easily controlled with simple measures. A small minority have more serious manifestations which may require more aggressive forms of treatment. The seriousness of the disease is frequently related to the type and number of organs affected. The following is a summary of some of the signs and symptoms that may occur in lupus patients grouped according to the organs or tissues affected: General symptoms Fever and unusual fatigue occur in up to 80 or 90% of SLE patients at some time during the course of their illness. Skin rash a very common feature occurring in many patients. The classic rash is called a butterfly rash because it occurs in a butterfly-like patch over the bridge of the nose and cheeks. This type of rash is in fact quite uncommon with most lupus rashes being far less specific and occurring anywhere on the body but especially over sun exposed areas. Many lupus rashes appear to be provoked or aggravated by direct sun exposure. Sores may also occur in the nose and mouth, and scalp hair loss may occur in some individuals. In a closely related condition called discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), the rash may arise as distinct scaly and reddish patches which may heal with scarring. Patients with DLE are frequently otherwise well. They demonstrate few, if any, of the symptoms of SLE and usually have a nearly normal laboratory profile. Joints stiffness, pain, and swelling may commonly occur. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis however, permanent damage to the joints is almost unheard of. Membranes of the heart and lungs, the linings of the heart and lungs may occasionally become inflamed in SLE patients leading to sharp chest pains and shortness of breath. If it involves the lung, the condition is called pleuritis. If it affects the heart, the condition is called pericarditis. Blood cells a number of abnormalities may occur in the blood including anaemia or a fall in the red blood cell count and/or falls in the white cell count or platelet count (particles in the blood that help with clotting) and thus lead to potential problems with bleeding. Kidneys often a sign of more serious disease, inflammation of the kidney may lead to loss of protein in the urine, increased blood pressure and occasionally kidney failure. Brain and nerves fortunately, a relatively rare problem, patients so affected may have trouble with headaches convulsions, emotional disturbances, weakness or numbness of the extremities. Diagnosis The diagnosis of SLE is suspected in any individual who presents with one or more of the clinical features outlined above. A diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory tests which show the presence of one or more abnormal circulating antibodies in the blood stream. These antibodies may be directed against any tissue in the body. The most important of these however, is an antibody directed against the centre or nucleus of the cells in the body, the so-called anti-nuclear antibody or ANA. ANAs are normally not present or present only in barely detectable quantities in healthy individuals. Thus, this test is very helpful to the doctor if he is suspicious about the possibility of SLE. It is very important however, to stress that the presence of ANAs doesnt specifically point to a diagnosis of SLE since abnormal antibodies of this type may occur in other conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, certain infections and inflammation of the liver. Thus the diagnosis of SLE requires both the presence of abnormal antibodies (especially ANAs) as well as signs and symptoms suggesting inflammation of several organs or tissues in the body. Although, all lupus patients have elevated levels of ANA, not all people with elevated ANA have lupus. Increased levels of ANA generally indicate that the physician should follow up with an anti-DNA antibody test. To assist in the diagnosis of SLE, the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) in 1982 adopted a set of criteria for the classification of this disease. (See Table 1) It should be noted that while a variable number of these features may occur during the course of the disease, they need not occur at the same time. Moreover, it is quite unpredictable as to which patient may develop which particular symptom or grouping of symptoms at any particular time.

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- teaching, educational phi

Abstract The main goal of education is to prepare individuals to be contributing citizens of our society and to help them reach their true potential. Education provides the foundation that enables students to be successful lifelong learners that thrive in society. While schools are the catalyst for the dissemination of education, it is a successful partnership between schools, government family and community that ensures the ultimate success of education. A clear focus on educating all students despite their diverse needs and differentiated instruction are essential. Teachers serve as facilitators who guide students in the learning process. Students are active participants in their education, who expand their horizons through hands-on learning experiences. â€Æ' The most essential purpose of education is to prepare individuals to become productive, contributing members of society. Education needs to prepare individuals for the demands of the work force and lay the foundation for them to become engaged, lifelong learners who continuously update their skills to remain competitive in a changing society. The goal of education is to open the world to individuals by providing them with the skills and the motivation to reach their true potential. Education should spark interests, goals and ambitions. Schools are the catalysts for the dissemination of education. It is the role of schools to prepare children to successfully function within society. Schools need to provide opportunities for students to explore their interests and also teach essential skills in all academic content areas. Providing a safe, nurturing learning environment for all learners that encourages creativity and innovation is also fundamental. It is crucial that schoo... ...ressed. The main goal of education is for students to acquire the necessary foundational skills and develop into critical thinkers and analytical problem solvers that make active contributions to our society. Education provides the foundation that enables students to be successful lifelong learners that thrive in society. â€Æ' References Cohen, L. M. (1999). Philosophical Perspectives in Education. Oregon State University. Retrieved from http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/ed416/PP3.html Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning. (2004). Thirteen. Retrieved from http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/explor_sub5.html Mason, R., Rennie, F. (2008). The e-Learning Handbook: Designing Distributed Learning. New York: Routledge. Shaffer, D. R. (2008). Social and Personality Development (5 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

Communication Case Essay

Ethics Case 4-7 – Income Statement Presentation of Unusual Loss Requirement The Cranor Corporation suffered $10 million in expenses linked to a product recall. The company had endured product recalls in the past and they still occur in the business. To show revenue from continuing operations, Jim Dietz, the controller, wishes to describe the $10 million as an extraordinary loss, instead of an expense included in operating income. He states to the CEO that the company has never had a product recall of this size and that the corporation fixed the design flaw and improved quality control. The drawback is, in order for Jim to categorize the loss as an extraordinary item, he must view that the losses in the company’s financial statements are infrequent and unusual. He must also presume this event is not likely to occur again in the future profitability. (Spiceland, Sepe, & Nelson, 2013, p. 188) The Journal of Accountancy states that extraordinary items are gains and losses that are material, and result from events that are both unusual and infrequent. (Ext raordinary Items Share Exclusive Company , 2013) These criteria must be considered in light of the environment in which the entity operates. There obviously is a considerable degree of subjectivity involved in the determination. The concepts of unusual and infrequent require judgment. In making these judgments, an accountant should keep in mind the overall objective of the income statement. The key question is how the event relates to a firm’s future profitability. If it is judged that the event, because of its unusual nature and infrequency of occurrence, is not likely to occur again, separate reporting as an extraordinary item is warranted. The ethical dilemma faced by Jim Dietz and the company’s chief executive officer is that it appears from the facts of the case that it would be difficult for the company to come to the conclusion that a material product recall is not likely to occur again in the foreseeable future. This type of event has occurred before and is common in the industry. While a subjective judgment, extraordinary treatment of the $10 million does not appear warranted. Is the obligation of Jim and the CEO to maximize income from continuing operations, the company’s position on the stock market and management bonuses stronger than their obligation to fairly present  accounting information to the users of financial statements? If they decide to go with Jim’s suggestion, it would be misleading to the shareholders and creditors about the lost suffered. The misrepresenting of the stakeholders and money market would be sinful and display wickedness, while if the corporation is straightfor ward with the market and shareholders it will demonstrate moral values and show that the corporation is working in the best interest of the investors by not misleading them when it comes to losses. In Exodus 23:1-2 it speaks about bearing a false report. The New International Version states: â€Å"Do not spread false reports. Do not help a guilty person by being a malicious witness. Do not follow the crowd in doing wrong.† With Jim and the CEO being in a management position, they are required to perform many activities in running the entity in the best interest of stakeholders. Their duties include leading and directing an entity, including making important decisions concerning the acquisition, deployment and control of human financial, physical and intangible resources. They are supposed to take the charge for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance to the accounting policies. (Handbook of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, 2013) I think the Cranor Company should include the loss in their net income and continue with the product recall. Including the loss in their net income will show honesty to its stakeholders. They may not receive a bonus, but it is better for them to be honest than risk the consequences of lying about the loss. Leviticus 19:11 says, â€Å"Do not steal. Do not lie. Do not deceive one another. (The Quest Study Bible, New International Version, 1994) By seeing the scripture we can detect how this relates to accounting ethics. Leviticus 19:11 explains that that we are not to steal, and ultimately mislead others. When we associate this verse to this ethical dilemma it would describe Jim Dietz and the company chief executive officer of deceiving the stock market into thinking that the loss was truly an extraordinary item on income statement when in reality, they are misleading them to get a bonus. References The Quest Study Bible, New International Version. (1994). Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House. Extraordinary Items Share Exclusive Company . (2013, September 3). Retrieved from Journal of Accountancy: http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2007/May/ExtraordinaryItemsShareExclusiveCompany.htm Handbook of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. (2013). New York: International Federation of Accountants. Spiceland, D., Sepe, J., & Nelson, M. (2013). Intermediate Accounting (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Equity and Trusts advice style answer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1504 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Advice Essay Trust Essay Did you like this example? This paper seeks to establish whether Bill had any rights either in real or personal claim over the said estate located in Luneborough. It would identify the type of remedy, if any generated consequent to the breach of Billà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights. It would also identify the type of enacted that recognizes the right afforded to Bill, that is if any and provide the remedies available for the protection of the rights. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Equity and Trusts advice style answer" essay for you Create order The next requirement would be apply the law to the facts and hand in order to establish whether Bill has any interest over the said building. Firstly, the registered owner of the building that had absolute rights over the said property was Ann. It is observed that Ann had a fee simple estate registered over the said land upon which building was constructed on. The value was said property was valued at 2 million pounds. What is unusual about this property is that the title to the land was inherited by Ann upon the death of her father though the title was not reregistered to include the name of Ann as the new title holder. Bill was promised title a flat in the building if he would remain with Ann in Luneborough and held her with the business she owned. The building was later on was charged over a loan that was acquired by Ann from a bank. Upon Annà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death the building was acquired by the bank and Bill issued with eviction orders. First and foremost it is importan t that note that legally Ann had no sufficient title the said building. Upon her fatherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death and the transfer of the property to Ann, she was required under law to register the new title over the said land. However she was the sole inherited person to the property so it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t matter. Secondly, which comes to the main purpose of this paper, does Bill have the right to the property, and we could look at proprietary estoppel, which a legal claim for transfer rights within legal title concern with the three elements of the clear assurance they will acquire a right over property, they reasonably rely on the assurance and they act substantially to their detriment.[1] Which in Dillwyn v Llwellyn[2], the father given a note to his son that stated he would get the house but they did not have the deed for conveyance even though the son did spend money on improving. Therefore by examine the fact in the case which Bill were constantly involve to the hou sework for Luneborough property, even before he moved in, he undertook all the work for significant improvement of the property, reroofed it, refurbished the office space on the ground floor and worked through the holidays to carry out the building work and keep the maintenance of the house, after he moved in Ana did not charge her for any rent as Bill moved second floor loft and he continued carry out further improvement and regular repairs, however above mentioned activities, Ana paid all the material costs; as in Burns v Burns[3] the plaintiff and the defendant were living together which they did not marry each other, the house was bought by the defendant Patrick with the arrangement of Defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name was on the deed and also paid the price and the mortgage, and the plaintiff was act as a homemaker carried out house duties such as cleaning and though she did pay the bill from her own earning towards household expenses, she also paid for the fittings, washing ma chine, the plaintiff left the defendant and claimed beneficial interest in the house. However the court held that as the lack of a financial contribution which should be related to the acquisition of the property such as the mortgage repayments, therefore she was not entitled as a beneficial interest to the property. Another important case to mention is Jones v Kernott [4]which concerns with unmarried couples after cohabitation suing against the beneficially entitlement, Mrs. Jones paid 6,000 pounds initialed money to the property worth 30,000 pounds with the rest raised by mortgage, they shared household bills and mortgage, then they were separated, Mr. Kernott intended to buy another property and intended to use the half of the value of the old property whom shared with Ms Jones, which lead to the case held Ms. Jones contributed over 80% of the equity and with the little help of Mr Kernott financially and physically with the children they had with a result of splitting that proper ty with 90% to Ms. Jones and 10% to Mr. Kernott, in order to produce a fair and just results.[5] Therefore, by Compare these cases to Billà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s scenario, even though he carried out many improvement, yet he did not pay for the materials which Ana did, and the works he did would be seen as a normal builderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job to fix things around the house and the fact that he did not pay rent, without any financial contribution towards the property, according to Burns v Burns, he would not have any beneficial interest to the Luneborough property. However there are couple of facts in the case could be arguable, first that when Bill moved in, even though Ana did not charge him rent and yet stated she did not change Billà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s low wages, cause she thought the low wage could compensate by not charging any rent by letting him live in her property, so does that mean he did contribute to the property financially, this extremely week evidence would not be enough to make him beneficially interest to the property, all in all there was no actually money transaction or any actual money towards the property come from his own wallet and housework could not contribute as financially as seen in Burns v Burns[6] In this case Ann promised to transfer the title of the property to Bill. One may presume the existence of an oral will. However the execution and evidence requirements of an oral will must meet the conditions of that of the written will. In the sense that the evidence of the oral will must be witnessed by two competent and independent witnesses with the exception of privileged will. In the fact at hand, it is clear that the perceived oral will was not witnessed by any independent and competent witness, furthermore the oral will has a lifeline of only 3 months. Also noteworthy is that an oral will to be valid must not contradict a written will as is the case here. The promise cannot also recognize as a gift, it must be disposed within the lifetime of the deceased. Even though in the case constantly hinted that Ana would always care about Bill, considered him a godchildren, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“would always look after himà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  showed general care and even was in the process of changing her will to leave the properties to Bill, however, without the legal procedure, it would not be a valid will and the idea would just remain as not legally enforceable. Consequent to the factors above-mentioned, there was not oral will or written will in favor of Bill furthermore there was no gift. Thus Bill does not have any interest to the said property. Cause of Action Be that as it may, Bill may still acquire the interest to the property by proving that he is and was a dependent to Ann. Bill gave up all that he had in order to work for Ann. This aspect was prevalent and recognized by all that were close to the two. Bill was thus dependent on the salary and the accommodation as provided by Ann. This aspect thus puts Bill w ithin the legal understanding of a dependent and thus gives him the lucus standi to create a law suit in relation to the property at hand. The first suit should seek an injunction against the activities of the bank. He is to argue that Ann had no sufficient title to pass interest of the said property. Consequent to this, the bank did not acquire good title to the land. Furthermore the bank ought to have exercised due diligence and established who the registered owner of the bank. The sue should seek a permanent injunction against the activities of the bank. In Conclusion, with the facts, cases mention above, unfortunately, Bill would unlikely to have any beneficially rights to the Luneborough property based on the main reason of he did not financially contribute to the property[7] and his name was not stated in Anaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s last written will, therefore he would not have any rights towards the Luneborough property. 1533 words Bibliography Books T. Murphy, S. Roberts T. Flessas, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Understanding Property Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Sweet Maxwell, 2012, 4th edition R. Smith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Property Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Pearson Longman, 2011, 7th edition [1] Murphy T., Roberts S. Flessas T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Understanding Property Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Sweet Maxwell, 2012 , page251-258 [2] Dillwyn v Llewelyn (1862) EWHC Ch J67 [3] Burns v Burns (1984) Ch 317, 1All ER 244 [4] Jones v Kernott (2011) UKSC 53 [5] ibid [6] Burns v Burns (1984) Ch 317, 1All ER 244 [7] Burns v Burns (1984) Ch 317, 1 All ER 244