Oedipus Fate And Fate Essay - 777 Words

Fate as defined by the Merriam Webster dictionary is ‘an inevitable and often adverse outcome, condition, or end’. Sophocles discusses fate vs free will in his plays. In the play Oedipus Rex there was a prophecy that Oedipus was destined to kill his father and marry his mother, he attempts to escape his destiny by running away to Thebes where he meets his fate. In the play Antigone, that main character Antigone decides to go against Creon’s (her uncle who has inherited the throne) decree and bury the brother, Polynices, knowing the consequences would lead to her death. In Sophocles’ plays Oedipus Rex and Antigone, the theme is mankind not being able to escape their fate. While free choices, such as Oedipus’ decision to pursue knowledge†¦show more content†¦Oedipus’ fate could not have been changed; he was destined to have a messed up family tree. In Antigone, Antigone and her sister Ismene return to Thebes in an attempt to reconcile their brothers—Eteocles, who was defending the city and his crown, and Polyneices, who was attacking Thebes. However, both brothers were killed, and their uncle Creon became the king. He forbade burial is the corpse of Polyneices, declaring him a traitor. Antigone, moved by love for her brother and convinced that the command went against the law of the gods, she buried Polyneices secretly. Antigone lines 72-74 â€Å"And if I have to die for this pure crime,/ I am content, for I shall rest beside him;/ His love will answer mine†. It was Antigone’s fate to die after burying her brother. It also was her fate to be Oedipus’ daughter/sister. It was soon discovered what Antigone had done. Creon her to be executed and was imprisoned in a cave. Her fiancà ©, Haemon, son of Creon, begged his father to let her go. He finally agreed but he was too late, Antigone had hanged herself. Haemon was devastated that his love was dead, so he committed suicide. At the news, Creons wife and Haemon’s mother, queen Eurydice, commits suicide fulfilling Creon’s fate of being responsible for his family’s death. Antigone lines 1335-1336 â€Å"From suffering that has been/ Decreed no man will ever find escape†. In Sophocles’ plays Oedipus Rex and Antigone, the theme is mortals ot being able to escape their destiny.Show MoreRelatedOedipus Fate Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesOedipus the King is a story about a prominent king torn by fate and the effect his own actions have upon his destiny. Much can be learned from the catastrophic story of Oedipus, who was prophesied to kill his father, to marry and have children with his own mother. As soon as Oedipus learns of this prophecy, he tries desperately to escape it, by running from his hometown, and even avoiding his supposed parents. Despite the fact that fate may have played some role in Oedipus demise, it ultimatelyRead MoreOedipus Fate Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsible for their actions or is it fate? Is fate inescapable? A persons fate is the events that are destined to happen to them. Fate is decided the moment someone is born. People cannot change their fate and it is unavoidable. Throughout the Greek tragedy, Oedipus the King, the hero, Oedipus often tries to run away from what he is destined to do only because of his ignorance to his situation. Throughout the entire play, the conflict of Man versus Fate is often seen as everyone tries to avoidRead MoreOedipus Fate Essay956 Words   |  4 Pagestragedy, Oedipus the King, fate is a predetermined course of events and is also an important factor that caused Oedipus’s downfall. Oedipus is ultimately a victim of his own fate because, despite his and Jocasta’s efforts, he could not escape the prophecies. Though others say that Oedipus created his own fate because he had the free will to handle the prophecies in becoming his own outcome, in the end, there was no chance that Oedipus could escape the prophecies. It was the fate for Oedipus gettingRead MoreOedipus Fate Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesIn Oedipus the king the Prophets tells Oedipus how his life will pan out and that there is nothing that he can do about it. Oedipus, however thinks he can prove them wrong being the self righteous person that he is. He believes that fate is not real and that its all about free will and individual decisions that lead to and determine the future. Oedipus is wrong for thinking that he can change his fate because the world is controlled by fate not free will. â€Å"Do you know who your parents are? UnknowingRead MoreComparing the Fate of Oedipus and Phaedra Essay2321 Words   |  10 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus destruction was foretold to his father and mother, Laius and Jocasta, when he was born. It was told to him again when he was a young Corinthian prince, to which he ran from home (I heard all that and ran 876). Tiresias tells it to him again during the passage of the Oedipus Rex. The destiny of Oedipus has been laid down, unalterable from the moment he was created. He was fated to marry his mother and kill his father. Phaedra is not controlled by fate. She is possessed by a frivolousRead MoreIs Oedipus a Victim of Fate? Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesFate the un-avoidable Throughout the vast history of literature, various concepts have come and gone. The idea of fate or fatalism has been a concept that has survived the test of time. Numerous characters have succumbed to the power of fate and the character of Oedipus from Sophocles’ Oedipus the King is a prime example of the vast power of fate within literature. Sophocles effectively depicts the wrath of fate as he portrays how Oedipus fell victim to fate and his efforts to disregard fate wereRead MoreOedipus Victim Of Fate Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesIs Oedipus a victim of fate or does he possess free will? Explain your reasoning. Do you think free will is a reality or an allusion? I find Oedipus to be a victim of fate rather than having free will. â€Å"()†. Free will could be seen to be more of an illusion than a reality. People and society like to make you think you have control over your own life while in you really do not. While it seems he could have tried harder maybe vowing to never sleep with a women or to never kill a man but is whatRead MoreFate in Oedipus the King Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pagesat least in â€Å"Oedipus the King† in which the protagonist, Oedipus calls forth his doom unwillingly. Fate is defined as something that unavoidably befalls a person. The author of â€Å"Oedipus the King,† Sophocles, writes a tragic fate that Oedipus was born to experience. Fate is what is meant to happen and cannot be avoided or unchanged. Furthermore, events that lead to other events could be the result for one to meet their fate. In â€Å"Oedipus the King,† Sophocles expresses the nature of fate to be determinedRead MoreOedip us: Destiny and Fate Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesis by fate. Those who believed it is by choice follow the directions and guidance of their elders. For example, they will try to hold on to the values that their parents instilled in them and use them to guide their entire lives. Others who believed that destiny is by fate, believe that the outcome of their lives is determined by luck, and that no matter what they do or how careful they are, whatever has to happen to them must happen. These proponents that emphasize that destiny is by fate may haveRead MoreParallels of Fate in Crash and Oedipus the King Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pages Fate to most people is something that will inevitably happen in their lives, something that they are destined to have or to be. According to Dictionary.com, fate is defined as something that unavoidably befalls a person, but to others, fate is merely coincidence. The debate whether fate is apart of our everyday lives have been going on since the ancient greeks to today. The movie Crash parallels to the play, Oedipus the King, in that both of the characters experience some form of fate in their lives

Effects of Instructional Materials on Geography Perfomance

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study It is generally accepted in the world that pupil’s performance is directly influenced by the instructional materials applied. These instructional materials are the key ingredients in learning. Barnett (1992) comments that teachers should cover the materials in the curriculum and prepares pupils for standardized tests. This may have happened in western countries because of adequate resources. Nevertheless these instructional materials have not been used in the right way in sub-Saharan region particularly in Kenya. Teachers have neglected the use of these materials and in a way they have watered down pupil’s motivation as far as learning is concerned. All these bring to poor performance of†¦show more content†¦The researcher might have a financial constrains as the research will require a lot of money for it to be completed. Conceptual Framework This part will show the scheme of concepts of variables that the researcher will use to achieve the objectives of the research. Independent variables Dependent variables Textbooks Student’s performance Visual aids Learning environment Operational definition of Terms Textbooks: Books used in basis of instruction in school. Visual aids: These are aids that are used by teachers for pupils to look at while they are learning. Environment: It is the surrounding that positively or negatively affects the learning of the pupils. Students: They are boys and girls who learn in secondary schools. Performance: The act of doing well in school work according to the requirement of the school. CHAPTER TWO Literature Review This chapter is a review of the information that has already been recorded by the scholars and writers that gave foundation to my research. It contains the use of instructional materials like the books, visual aids and environment in relation to the pupil’s performance. These materials are used to aid in the transfer information from one person to another .They are also tools or equipments that can help effect the instructor in

Parkinsons Disease and its Treatment - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theParkinsons Disease and its Treatment for Medication. Answer: Introduction Mr. Ratin Bhai is an octogenerian widower, is diagnosed with both the Parkinsons disease and hypothyroidism four years back. He is under the medication for both the diseases and uses thyroxin, cabidopa/levodopa combination drugs and entacapone. He lives alone as his wife died a year ago and has no children. Recently, he observed to be suffering from a slight tremor and is facing problems in carrying out the daily household choirs. Parkinsons disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, affecting mainly the older people that have no treatments as such but the patients suffering from it should be taken great care of (Rodriguez et al., 2015). The symptoms and the treatment procedures vary greatly with different patients depending on the extent of the disease they acquire. The identification of the disease, the history of the patient, the goals of the treatment and the various interventions that may be taken are the topic of discussion. The outcome of the actions taken in order to cure the patient is also discussed here in this report along with the lesson one might get from it. Discussion Scenario 1 outlines the social and physical condition of an eighty seven years old widower. He has been diagnosed with Parkinsons disease and hypothyroidism. He uses different medications in order to control his hypothyroidism. Recently, Mr. Ratin Bhai is observing that his hands are tremoring slightly and this problem is increasing gradually (Thenganatt Jankovic, 2016). He is under the medication like thyroxin, carbidopa/levodopa and entacapone. Neurodegeneration is the outcome of the aging process and this leads to the development of the Parkinsons disease in some cases. Hypothyroidism, another disease that Mr. Ratin Bhai is suffering from is also the result of the aging process. Hypothyroidism is a genetic problem and is one of the risk factors followed by any autoimmune disease like type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis (Cappola, 2016). The anti-thyroid medications if taken can be another risk factor. Parkinsons disease has many risk factors which include aging, genetic factors, low levels of vitamin B foliate and exposure to toxic substances. Parkinsons disease makes the daily activities challenging. He is feeling weak and faces trouble in motility. Mr. Ratin Bhai have been suffering from hypothyroidism for four years and takes medications in order to control it. He is under the medication of thyroxine for hypothyroidism, carbidopa/levodopa combination drugs and entacapone combination drugs for the treatment of Parkinsons disease (Rascol, 2013). He is experiencing slight tremor in his hands and this is only becoming worse gradually. He is also facing problem in mobility, in his daily activities and his restricted mobility prevents him from going anywhere. The slight tremor that Mr. Ratin Bhai is experiencing may be drug-induced tremor. Parkinsons disease is accompanied by tremor, which also occur in the hypothyroidism (Hallett, 2014). The tremor spreads to both sides of the body rather than on just one side of the body and it is one of the most important symptom of Parkinsons disease. Slow limited movement being another important sign and is experienced by Mr. Ratin Bhai and makes it difficult for him to move. Parkinsons disease is a non-fatal, degenerative disorder and progresses until it enfeebles the patient (Pringsheim et al., 2014). It is benign in some cases and severe in some with shorter life span. The other serious complications that may arise due to the Parkinsons Disease are pneumonia, choking, falls that may lead to serious injury and sometimes death also. It also causes severity in movements to the persons suffering from Parkinsons Disease. The symptoms and response to the medications varies with different patients. Hypothyroidism on the other hand also has other severe health outcomes. Body metabolism, altered mental functions and fatigue can occur as a result of hypothyroidism (Carl et al., 2014). Joint pain, myxodema, a condition of unconsciousness and obesity may also contribute to the symptoms associated with hypothyroidism. Mr. Ratin Bhai has been diagnosed with Parkinsons Disease and hypothyroidism four years back. He is also detected with slight tremor recently that is proceeding to worse. The slight tremor that Mr. Bhai has started to suffer from is the mere outcome of the Parkinsons Disease. Mr. Bhai is not able to perform his regular activities as his strength is decreased due to the onset of the tremor. Bradykinesia and poor balance may be observed in him (Bank et al., 2016). Mr. Bhai has gradually developed tremor, a most noticed symptom of Parkinsons Disease. Inspite of being under the medication of carbidopa and levodopa combination, Mr Bhais tremor is proceeding to worsen the situation. The anxiety that he is suffering as a result of the increased tremor may only worsen his condition (Lin et al., 2015). He is gradually losing control on his muscle and coordination. The weakness or intolerance and in the activity can be diagnosed in a patient with hypothyroidism. The most significant problem that he is now suffering is the Parkinsons Disease and the tremor in his limbs. This problem has been discussed with priority. The dopamine producing neurons in the brain is degenerated slowly which results in the disability to produce dopamine and as a result the ability to move (Robbins Cools, 2014). Parkinsonian tremor is a major problem faced by the patients. So the goals should be established keeping this fact in mind. The primary goal in the treatment of the Parkinsons disease is to keep the person busy in regular activities and allow themselves to be independent as long as they can. The goals for the treatment can be set according to the needs of the patients and varies with them. The treatment of the motor symptoms such as tremor and trouble in movement of the Parkinsons disease should be treated and is established as another goal for its treatment (Connolly Lang, 2014). Non-motor systems like depression and anxiety would also get the priority in setting the goal of the treatment. Moreover, the nurses should be trained and their knowledge about this disease must be taught. The nurse should gain the confidence in treating and caring the patient with this disease. Parkinsons disease is the problem associated with the nerves present in brain any disorder in these nerves may eventually lead to the loss of the ability to move and parkinsonian tremor. There are few interventions that can be adopted by the nurses in order to provide support to these patients. The nurses must administer the medicines properly maintaining the schedule and the drug levels. They should encourage the patients suffering from this disease to work independently and perform all the daily choirs as much as they can (Sturkenboom et al., 2014). They should be given rest between each work they perform on their own. This would make them to feel less weak and prevent them from facing any accident. A frequent warm bath and physiotherapy should be carried out on them which would help in relaxing the muscle and prevent any chance of muscle cramp. The parkinsonian tremor may sometime result in the fall and as a result the patient may get seriously injured. The nurse should protect the patient from facing any such injuries (Canning, Paul Nieuwboer, 2014). They should be provided with semi-solid foods which is easier to swallow and make him sit upright while eating. The drugs that is used to treat the disease should be monitored and any kind of adverse situation, if occur should be reported immediately. The weight of the patients should be regularly monitored and evaluate the patients nutrition. Mr. Bhai would gradually gain the ability to perform his daily household choirs independently and would gain confidence and doing so. The rest that is provided would make him less weak and he would be capable to do work with more confidence. He should be given frequent warm bath and physiotherapy that may help in the improvement of the parkinsonian treatment (Tomlinson et al., 2014). This may cure the tremor that Mr. Bhai is experiencing to some extent and he would not find any difficulty to move. The improved motility would prevent him from falling and reduce the risk of facing any accident that lead to any severe injury or even death. Mr. Bhai would also be provided with semi-solid food. The semi-solid food helps him to swallow the food without difficulty. The various interventions that are adopted to provide neuroprotective benefits to the patients are capable of changing the disease course. The neurological care should be provided to Mr. Bhai would save his life. The encouragement of performing various daily works increases his physical activity and in turn helps to prevent the deterioration in the quality of the life. Parkinsons Disease is the neurodegenerative disorder and the patients suffering from this needs a good care from the nurses and the care givers. I feel that Mr. Bhai should be allowed to be independent so that he would gain the confidence to work in his own and overcome his fear. I believe that by doing this, Mr. Bhai would not suffer from anxiety as it can cause more harm to them by increasing the Parkinsonian tremor. I believe that he should undergo a speech and swallow therapy from the very beginning so that he would not lose the ability to swallow when the muscle coordination would get disturbed. According to me, a regular physiotherapeutical approach may help to cure the Parkinsonian tremor to a certain extent and increase his life span. I should have asked Mr. Bhai to use antichollnergic agents as these agents are mainly used by the patients who is suffering from restricted motility due to the tremor. I believe that the medical management is an important for the cure of this disease and from the next time onwards I would adopt this method as one of the steps for treatment. Conclusion Parkinsons disease being the fatal and incurable neurodegenerative disease occurs frequently among the older people. The people suffering from this disease require extra care as the disease progresses to worsen the condition. The symptoms and the responses to different medications and treatments vary greatly with the patient and the extent of the disease. Parkinsonian tremor is one of the important symptoms associated with it. A combination drug is used for the treatment of the Parkinsons Disease. The patient should be allowed to work independently and physiotherapic treatment is carried out to the patient as a part of the treatment. The patient is given rest in between the works that he performs daily. It can be concluded from the above discussion that by adopting various steps the patient with Parkinsons Disease can be treated to a certain extent. The above discussion makes us to conclude that the patient must also be made to overcome his fear and anxiety and help him to gain confidence to work on his own and take his medications accordingly. References Bank, P., Marinus, J., de Groot, J. H., Meskers, C., van Hilten, J. J. (2016). Objective, unobtrusive assessment of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease.Movement Disorders,31, S505. Canning, C. G., Paul, S. S., Nieuwboer, A. (2014). Prevention of falls in Parkinson's disease: a review of fall risk factors and the role of physical interventions. Cappola, A. R. (2016). Hypothyroidism in the Elderly. In2016 Meet-The-Professor: Endocrine Case Management(pp. 355-358). The Endocrine Society. Carl, A., Pedersen, I. B., Knudsen, N., Perrild, H., Ovesen, L., Laurberg, P. (2014). Hypothyroid symptoms and the likelihood of overt thyroid failure: a population-based casecontrol study.European journal of endocrinology,171(5), 593-602. Connolly, B. S., Lang, A. E. (2014). Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review.Jama,311(16), 1670-1683. Hallett, M. (2014). Tremor: pathophysiology.Parkinsonism related disorders,20, S118-S122. Lin, C. H., Lin, J. W., Liu, Y. C., Chang, C. H., Wu, R. M. (2015). Risk of Parkinson's disease following anxiety disorders: a nationwide population?based cohort study.European journal of neurology,22(9), 1280-1287. Pringsheim, T., Jette, N., Frolkis, A., Steeves, T. D. (2014). The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta?analysis.Movement disorders,29(13), 1583-1590. Rascol, O. (2013). Extended-release carbidopa-levodopa in Parkinson's disease.The Lancet Neurology,12(4), 325-326. Robbins, T. W., Cools, R. (2014). Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease: a cognitive neuroscience perspective.Movement Disorders,29(5), 597-607. Rodriguez, M., Rodriguez?Sabate, C., Morales, I., Sanchez, A., Sabate, M. (2015). Parkinson's disease as a result of aging.Aging cell,14(3), 293-308. Sturkenboom, I. H., Graff, M. J., Hendriks, J. C., Veenhuizen, Y., Munneke, M., Bloem, B. R., ... OTiP Study Group. (2014). Efficacy of occupational therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled trial.The Lancet Neurology,13(6), 557-566. Thenganatt, M. A., Jankovic, J. (2016). The relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease.Parkinsonism related disorders,22, S162-S165. Tomlinson, C. L., Herd, C. P., Clarke, C. E., Meek, C., Patel, S., Stowe, R., ... Ives, N. (2014). Physiotherapy for Parkinson's disease: a comparison of techniques.The Cochrane Library.

The Viet

The Viet-Innocent Essay The Viet-InnocentImagine yourself in a newly strange, unfamiliar tropical jungle environment. The catch is, your purpose is not to take eye-catching photographs for National Geographic magazine. Instead, you are assigned to kill people of a foreign land you have never seen before, because your government tells you it is the patriotic, honorable duty you owe your country. Everything is all right in the beginning. You arrive in Vietnam, familiarize yourself with your platoon, acquaintances and close friends alike. The worst things so far are the irritating, annoying insects that buzz around you in the midst of the tropical heat while wearing a hot, uncomfortable marine uniform, while carrying a heavy backpack and a semi-automatic weapon, and fatigue from hiking and digging numerous trenches. Until one night in the jungle, someone you are perhaps close with is blown to pieces before your eyes. Its possible the only thing left of them is sadly their lower half. It is the first time you h ave witnessed another human being violently, grotesquely mutilated to unexpected death in only a matter of a second. Emotions are raging through you: fear, anger, shock, frustration, paranoia, sadness, and maybe after seeing this numerous times, you might actually, but sickly enough begin to laugh. Not at all the death that is around you, but realizing that the fighting never seems to end and that this is the life to which you must be accustomed. You can not tell apart the Viet-Kong from regular civilians, since they can be anyone-even women and children. You are unable to communicate with anyone in this land because they do not speak your language and you do not speak theirs. You do not know exactly what intentions any random person of this foreign land may have; you only know you are there to carry out one specific task-kill the Viet-Kong. This is difficult when they are indistinguishable from regular civilians. Now imagine experiencing this every day for a year, or until you are the one who becomes a statistic. The people here are no longer people, but instead referred to as gooks, slant-eyes, or Charlie: the enemy. We will write a custom essay on The Viet-Innocent specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many soldiers who committed unspeakable acts of brutality against the people of Vietnam are not responsible for their actions and were heavily influenced to do so against their conscience and will. We as a nation may view the soldiers who partook in incidents such as the My Lai massacre with disgust, embarrassment, and disappointment, as they are representative of our country. Nevertheless, we must consider the unexpected motives and circumstantial situations that led them to do so. Constant exposure to daily routine violence and death among fellow soldiers/friends, the inability to distinguish the enemy from regular civilians, and the US government itself all contributed to the commitment of atrociously brutal and ruthlessly violent acts against Vietnamese civilians. There were thousands of soldiers who experienced pressures and conditions that influenced the gradual alteration of their state of mind. Many soldiers experienced fellow platoon members getting so horrifically wounded from battle to the point of permanently intense disfiguration and more commonly death. Of these statistics, some would no longer partake in the fighting against the Vietnamese or normal routine life the way they knew it before the war-forever handicapped. The majority however, would no longer live to again embrace their families, friends, significant others, and perhaps even children. According to Kregg P.J. Jorgensons Beaucoup Dinky Dau: Odd, Unusual, and Unique Stories of the Vietnam War, Peter Martinsen, a former Vietnam veteran recalls of a fellow platoon member: He just sat there in the grass just laughing. Hes laughing and hes yelling. Goddamn, Im hit. You know what this means? Im getting out of this *censored*! Hes pointing to his missing leg and hes laughing. Th is is my way out of this *censored*! Out. Out. In Philip Caputos A Rumor of War, A sergeant in Caputos platoon states I have a wife and two kids at home and I dont care who or how many people I have to kill to see them again. (156). In addition to standard combat, the Vietnamese were very brutal towards the Americans. Many American soldiers were tortured and killed by the Viet-Kong. Any captured American P.O.W was shown little if no mercy. According to Caputo, The Viet-Kong went down the lines of fallen Marines, pumping bullets into any body that showed signs of life-including his classmate (160). In Jorgensons Beaucoup, one veteran recollects that he witnessed a friend beaten with the butts of rifles and then cut with knives until he almost bled to death. Finally, he was shot and killed after about ten minutes of cruel and unusual torture by the Viet-Kong (279). Witnessing friends and fellow platoon members violently killed and tortured, whether in battle or individually inhumane s ituations, will often set any normal persons state of mind into one that is not rational. Events like this-especially in war, create an intense flow of simultaneous emotion. These include confusion, disbelief, sadness, fear, followed by anger all lead to increased hatred for the enemy after experiencing violent events on a daily basis. Everyone has a threshold for tolerance. The question is a matter of who cracks first and loses their right mind. Those who committed war atrocities against innocent Vietnamese civilians were most likely those who had witnessed the most violence and death among their fellow friends and platoon members. In Bernard Falls Last Reflections on a War, one soldier states, I couldnt handle it anymoreall the death, all the bloodshed. I just wanted to get out of there. Looking at them made me sick-no matter who they were. Every last one of em was our enemy, (54). While in Vietnam, many soldiers had difficulty telling apart regular Vietnamese civilians from the V iet-Kong. Often, the Viet-Kong would dress like regular civilians. Some of them were. They would use leaves to disguise themselves from the American soldiers instead of traditional military camelflouge uniforms. When soldiers would travel through Vietnamese villages, some apparently regular civilians would attack the Americans with grenades or other explosives, sometimes killing themselves in the process. To some Vietnamese, self-sacrifice was essential in order to kill American soldiers. Some of these Vietnamese were women and children. A soldier might go up to a civilian to ask for directions, usually with a Vietnamese interpreter, and ask for directions, or buy cigarettes and even marijuana, and the civilian would hand the soldier a grenade and run. How did the American soldiers know whom to trust? They did not-especially when people trying to kill them were Vietnamese women and children. I came across a young gook boy. I gave him a buck to buy a pack of smokes, then he handed me a grenade instead. I threw that *censored*er away, and thank Jesus, it didnt explode when it did. My life flashed before me, stated Keith Martin-a former Vietnam veteran interviewed in Joseph A. Amters Vietnam Verdict: A Citizens History (247). .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d , .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d .postImageUrl , .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d , .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d:hover , .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d:visited , .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d:active { border:0!important; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d:active , .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uffd1baccf7d2f0eb518242166b26a42d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Principle of Management Course: My Experiences EssayThe inability to know who was the true enemy and who wasnt greatly frustrated the American soldiers. Many could not trust any of the Vietnamese since even regular civilains attacked them. Skepticism of everyone in a strange land leads to insecurity, which could well be considered a contributing factor to American soldiers committing violent acts of brutality against Vietnamese civilians. The feeling that the enemy was everywhere and unawareness of the enemys identity created emotional pressures that built to a point of trivial provocation that made men explode with the blind destructiveness of a mortar shell, states Caput o(155). Finally, the US government itself was at fault for soldiers committing random acts of brutality and violence against Vietnamese civilians, such as the My Lai massacre. Terriotrial conquest was less essential to American victory. Body count was the more preferable objective. It was more important to kill as many Vietnamese as possible as the means of winning the war. Killing as many Vietnamese as possible was punctuation on American victory. The government felt that not only was it necessary for America to claim victory in Vietnam, but to claim victory by a large margin. This would show the rest of the communist world who was in charge and that capitalism would reign supreme if we wanted to live in a harmonious global society. Instead of helping the Vietnamese stray from communism as originally intended, we attempted to use them as an example of what would happen to the rest of the communist world if they defied the United States. Naturally, the US knows whats best for the re st of the world. During the draft, many young men were recruited to boot camps and military training in order to prepare them for the war. In many US military training camps, drill sergeants and other heads of command stressed to hate the Vietnamese at all costs, for they were the enemy and enemies deserve no mercy. According to Caputo, this led to counting civilians as Viet Cong. If its dead and Vietnamese, its VC. As a result, some men acquired a contempt for human life and a predilection for taking it, (156). Commiting violent acts against Vietnamese civilians was wrong, but how so are the American soldiers responsible if their government was telling them that all Vietnamese are the enemy? Its just a matter of following orders, no? Infact, many followed orders under Lt. William Calley, who led the My Lai massacre. Some soldiers worried what would happen if they defied the orders of authority and were pressured into partaking in the massacre. Others considered the consequence of humiliation among fellow soldiers; being labeled as cowardly or communist, as some soldiers overshadowding the deed of killing innocent civilians. These can not be sole reasons, but rather a contributing ones. FromSanford Wexler, Roger H. Hull and John C. Novogrods Law and Vietnam, according to CM 374314, Floyd, 18 CMR 362, 366 (1955), (Pet. den.), it is stated that in addition to controlling and supervising his subordinates, an Army officer, due to his superior rank and senior position, must conduct himself in an exemplary manner (17). It is the responsibility of a company commander to control and supervise his subordinates during combat operations. It is also the responsibility of the US government to make sure that the properly qualified and mentally stable leaders are instilled within the proper rankings of military authority. In conclusion, many soldiers who committed unspeakable acts of brutality against the people of Vietnam are not responsible for their actions and were heavily influenced to do so against their conscience and will. All these factors contributed to the irrational mind sets of the soldiers who committed such hianeous and atrociously violent crimes against the civilians of Vietnam. However, we did not experience the same events, so therefore we may not relate or understand the lives of the veterans of the Vietnam War. But at least we have an idea of how Vietnam affected them. Who knows what Vietnam may have done to any of us?Government Essays

Accounting Theory Essays

Accounting Theory Essays Accounting Theory Essay Accounting Theory Essay Accounting Theory Construction The function to study accounting theories is to classify them according to the assumptions they rely on, how they were formulated, and their approaches to explaining and predicting actual events. There are some classification which are pragmatic, syntactic, semantic, normative, positive, and naturalistic approaches. Pragmatic approaches are based on observing the behavior of accountants or those who use the information generated by accountant. Syntactic approaches rely on logical argument, based on a set of premises. Semantic approaches concern how theories correspond to real-world events. Normative theories rely on both semantic and syntactic approaches. Positive approaches test hypotheses against actual event . Positive approaches test hypotheses against actual and the last is Naturalistic approaches consider individual cases and do not try to generalise. PRAGMATIC THEORIES Descriptive Pragmatic Approach Descriptive pragmatic approach based on continual observation of the behavior of accountants, a theory can be developed from observations of how accountants act in certain situations. The theory can be tested by observing whether accountant do act in the way the theory suggest. This approach is probably the oldest and most universally used method of accounting theory construction. Criticisms of descriptive pragmatic approach: * does not consider the quality of an accountant’s action * does not provide for accounting practices to be challenged * focuses on accountants’ behaviour not on measuring the attributes of the firm Psychological Pragmatic Approach Differetnt with Descriptive pragmatic approach, this approach require theorist to observe users responses to the accountants output ( ex:financial report). There are also some problem with this psychological approach that are : * some users may react in an illogical manner * some users might have a preconditioned response * some users may not react when they should SYNTATIC AND SEMANTIC THEORIES Semantic inputs of the system are the transactions and exchanges recorded in the vouchers, journals, and ledgers of the business. These are then manipulated on basis of the premises and assumptions of historical cost accounting. Some accounting theorists are critical, they argue that the theory has semantic content only on the basis of its inputs. There is no independent empirical operation to verify the calculated outputs for examples, ‘profit’ or ‘total asset’. Historical cost accounting has also been criticised on the basis of its syntactic element, for example with respect to the practice of summing several different money amounts assigned to specific assets In defence of the historical cost system, accountants argue that there is no requirement that accounting outputs should have any semantic content or be subject to falsification rules. NORMATIVE THEORIES The 1950s and 1960s saw what has been described as the ‘golden age’ of normative accounting research. Accounting researches become more concerned with policy recommendation and with what should be done, rather than with analysing and explaining the currently accepted practice. Normative theories concentrated either on deriving the ‘true income’ for an accounting period. True income : true income theorists concentrated on deriving a single measure for assets and a unique profit figure. Decision usefulness ; the decision usefulness approach assumes that the basic objective of accounting is to aid the decision making process of certain ‘users’ of accounting reports by providing useful, or relevant, accounting data. The normative theories of the 1950s and 1960s began with a statement of the domain (scope) and objectives of accounting, the assumptions underlying the system and definitions of all the key concepts. POSITIVE THEORIES During the 1970s, accounting theory saw a move back to empirical methodology, which is often referred to as positive methodology. Positivism or empiricism means testing or relating accounting hypotheses or theories back to experiences or facts of the real world. The main different between normative and positive theories is that normative theories are prescriptive, whereas positive theories are descriptive, explanatory or predictive. DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES Focused on what may be considered to be a highly structured approach to theory formulation – the scientific approach. This approach has an inherent assumption that the world to be researched is an objectives reality capable of examination in terms of large scale or average statistics. This type of research is carried out by incremental hypotheses which are then combined to provide greater understanding, or better predictions of accounting. The implied assumption is that a good theory holds under circumstances that are constant across firms, industries and time. The criticism of the scientific method are the large-scale statistical research tends to lump everything together and it is conducted in environments that are often remote from the world of or the concerns of accountants. SCIENTIFIC APPROACH APPLIED TO ACCOUNTING A great deal of misunderstanding exists about the attempt to apply a scientific approach to accounting. The attempt is to make scientists out of accounting practitioners. Accountants who believe in a scientific approach want empirical evidence and logical explanation to support accounting practices so that practitioners can recommend the most appropriate methods for given situation based on this evidence. Another common misunderstanding about the application of the scientific view in accounting is that ‘absolute truth’ is desired, which of course is not possible. ISSUES FOR AUDITING THEORY CONSTRUCTION Auditing is a verification process that is applied to the accounting inputs and processes. Auditor provide an opinion on whether the financial statements are in accordance with the applicable reporting framework, and also provide on whether the statements present fairly, in all material respects, or give a true and fair view. The normative era of accounting theory and research also coincided with a normative approach to auditing theory. The positive ere of accounting has led to a positive approach to auditing theory

Comparative Advantage Essays

Comparative Advantage Essays Comparative Advantage Essay Comparative Advantage Essay I have chosen the Comparative Advantage Theory for my key term to discuss. I chose this term because it has a great importance on world trade clearly help shape the pattern of world trade, and also to get a better understanding of the concept. Comparative Advantage is the benefit or advantage of an economy to be able to produce a commodity at a lesser opportunity cost. According to Stalemate (2009), opportunity cost is the value of what had to be given up, or forgone, to consume or achieve the object. This term simply meaner, countries should specialize in a certain lass of products for export, but import the rest of product even if the country holds an absolute advantage in all products. The scholarly article I chose this week to discuss is, State should target sectors where the country industry has a comparative advantage written by T. T Ram Moan. The article talks about Justine Hussy Lines book titled The Quest for Prosperity. The book attempts to give solutions to the world financial crisis. In the article he talks about Lines distinguishes between advanced nations and developing ones in the short-run, and how money stimulus ill be effective for developing nations and not advanced nations, and also discuses Lines perspectives for Long-term growth. According to the article, government must identify the right growth sectors and support investment in those sectors, because it will lead to the overall growth in that economy. A key example is what Singapore did in the sasss when they focused on specialty chemicals that resulted in drawing developed nations into their economy (Moan, 2012). This seems pretty easy but has failed in many nations because it is hard to sometimes identify the sectors that truly eve Comparative Advantage in an economy. The theory encourages nations to engage in true free trade and to specialize in areas where they can be very effective and efficient at lower cost, instead of looking to bolster weak industries from foreign competition by imposing protective tariffs that otherwise stifle the production that leads to overall gains in wealth. Even though this theory has a huge advantage on global trade, it does have its flaws, which includes the following: It may overstate the benefits of specialization by ignoring certain costs. These costs include transport costs and any external costs associated with trade, such as air and sea pollution. Also it does not take into account relative prices and exchange rates, and also assumes perfect mobility of factors without any diminishing returns. Furthermore, complete specialization might create structural unemployment as some workers cannot transfer from one sector to another.

An exploratory, descriptive study to assess the effectiveness of Error Dissertation

An exploratory, descriptive study to assess the effectiveness of Error reporting on Nursing Errors in Operating Rooms - Dissertation Example The following are a few of these considerations: 1. Nurses’ scope of practice, and adverse outcome of patients There has been considerable attention devoted to nurses’ errors in the operating room; the significance of reporting mechanisms has been underscored as an important instrument in developing error prevention measures in operating room procedures, and health care in general. Espin (2007) examined the implications of such errors as encountered in individual practice. Empirical studies have established that nurses’ preferences in reporting errors were generally confined to the perceived scope of their practice; where reports went beyond these boundaries, the reports were rationalized in the context of the patient’s unfavourable outcome. Through survey and qualitative analysis, it was determined that nurses’ perceived scope of practice was a major factor in their reporting preferences, and the seriousness of the outcome to the patient was only s econdary. The findings support the observation that nurses tend to be selective in their reporting; these have negative implications, according to Espin, as many errors will likely remain unreported where they do no fall within the nurses’ scope of practice, or where the negative repercussion to the patient is not perceived as compelling. 2. Nature of the error reduced by error reporting Partly due to the normal course of modernization in health care and partly due to the need to meet global standards, similar efforts to improve nurses’ error reporting have been pursued in different countries. In Korea, a study sought to develop and evaluate an error reporting promoting program (ERPP) with the aim of reducing the incidence rate of nursing errors in operating rooms (Kim, et al., 2007). This quasi-experimental study registered a drop in incidence rates from 28.4% to 15.7% for the experimental group upon whom ERPP was administered, representing a significant decrease in t he areas of â€Å"compliance of aseptic technique†, â€Å"management of document†, and â€Å"environmental management,† but has little effect in â€Å"habit-related†, â€Å"knowledge-based† and â€Å"multidimensional† nursing activities. The ERPP was thus adjudged effective in reducing incidences of certain types of nursing errors in the operating room. 3. Organizational and management factors A serious inquiry into aspects of errors committed by health professionals must necessarily seek the underlying human factors that give rise to errors, and that compromise the reporting thereof. It is premised on the principle that humans are so intrinsically predisposed to error that it is inherently biologic (D’Addessi, Bonglovanni, Volpe, Pinto and Bassi, 2009). However, surgery stands apart in that surgical error is commonly presumed to be caused by the lack of skill or ability, and the result of negligent actions. After all, in many instanc es, technical operative errors, whether committed by nurses or other OR personnel present, tend to cause surgical morbidity and affect adversely the patient’s outcome (Cuschieri, 2005). Additionally, however, the operating theatre is comprised of a unique and complex set of team dynamics –